Chapter 36 Vocabulary

Franklin D. Roosevelt:
He was the governor of New York and 5th cousin to Theodore Roosevelt. He was raised in a wealthy family and went to Harvard. He served as Secretary of Navy, being suave and conciliatory. He suffered from polio. He was elected as a Democratic President in 1932, and served more than 3 terms. He came up with the New Deal after the Great Depression.

Eleanor Roosevelt:
She was the wife of FDR, and she became the most active First Lady in history. She was for the rights of all Americans.

Harry Hopkins:
He was the head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administrtion (FERA). He was a friend and advisor to FDR. He worked on mortgages and unemployment during the depression.

Frances Perkins:
She was the first woman to become a cabinet member. She was the target of criticism and blame for her position and gender when she was Secretary of Labor.

Father Coughlin:
He was the infamous "radio priest" who was against the New Deal. His campaign was halted in 1942 after he was deemed as a radical.

Huey Long:
He was a senator from Louisiana who pushed the "Share our Wealth" program. He planned to run in the 1936 elections against FDR but was assassinated.

Francis Townshend:
He was a retired physician who wanted the government to give financial aid to senior citizens over 60.He thought that FDR wasn't doing enough, and had many followers, but his plans were ultimately unrealistic.

Harold Ickes:
He was called "Honest Harold" and he was the Secretary of the Interior. He became the head of the PWA (Public Works Administration), aiming to create jobs to help the unemployed and deal with industrial recovery.

George W. Norris:
He was a senator from Nebraska who helped pass an act that created the Tennessee Valley Authority with much zeal in 1933.

John L. Lewis:
He was the leader of the United Mine Works. He also formed the CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization. He led the a sit-down strike at General Motors in Flint, MI, 1936. He was also responsible for the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act, or the "Wages and Hours" bill.

Memorial Day Massacre:
Unionists from the Republic of Steel Co. wanted to join CIO, and a fight broke out during a strike in 1937, where 10 demonstrators were shot and killed by the police.

Alfred M. Landon:
He was the the Republican candidate in 1936. He was an honest and wealthy man from Kansas who lost to FDR, stressing balancing the budget.

Parity:
It was a plan to help farmers suffering from low prices and overproduction. It wanted to return the prosperity of farmers from 1909-1914. The AAA government agents paid farmers to reduce their production in return for taxes from the makers of pricey farm equipment.

New Deal:
After FDR was inaugurated in 1933, he decided the US must improve economically in order for recovery from the Great Depression to take place. The New Deal focused on the 3 R's. Short term goals were relief and fast recovery. Permanent recovery and reform were to come next. Unemployment, minimum wage, and other social issues were reformed.

Brain Trust(s):
They were reformist intellectuals, mainly college professors, who worked as a kitchen cabinet for FDR and looked into the legislation of the New Deal.

The three R's:
They were relief, recovery, and reform. Relief was the first objective, followed by recovery in a couple years, then long-term reform to prevent another great depression. It was announced by FDR on March 4, 1933.

Glass-Steagall Act:
It was an act passed in 1933 that allowed banks to reopen, giving FDR the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):
This organization was created by the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933. It provided employment in govt. camps for 3 million young men. They worked on reforestation, firefighting, flood control, and draining swamps.

Works Progress Administration:
The WPA was created by Congress in 1935 as a job agency that helped the unemployed. The WPA worked on bridges, roads, and govt buildings. It spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million jobs to people.

Tennessee Valley Authority:
It was the first corporation to be owned by the government. It was for creating jobs and building dams in the Tennessee River Valley to supply electricity to impoverished areas.

Social Security Act of 1935:
It was a law that created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers. The money was given through a monthly pension when they reached age 65. Unemployed people, disabled people, and mothers were given this money as well.

Wagner Act:
It was the same as the National Labor Relations Act in 1935 and set up the National Labor Relations Board. It reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively.

National Labor Relation Board:
This was created by the National Labor Relations Act by Congressman Wagner in the 1930s, being sympathetic to labor unions.

Congress of Industrial Organizations:
The CIO was a labor union formed in the AF of L, consisting of unskilled workers. The AF of L broke up with it in 1938. The CIO had 4 million members in 1940, being very influential.

Liberty League:
It consisted of conservatives that opposed FDR's New Deal, and they were afraid of socialism through the New Deal, thinking that it would actually hurt the economy.

Twentieth and Twenty-first Amendments:
The 20th Amendment changed the date of inauguration of the president to January 20th, shortening the term of lame-duck presidents. The 21st Amendment ended the Prohibition of alcohol.

Court-packing scheme:
This was a plan by FDR to put 6 extra judges on the Supreme Court, all of whom presumably would support him, upsetting the balance of the original 9 justices. Congress refused, since it would give FDR too much power.

Source:
The American Pageant