Chapters 13-16 Vocabulary Part 1

Before taking a test, I have found it helpful to make a vocabulary list in order to set all of the terms straight and summarize the events. Below is the first half of the list that I compiled by looking through all of my notes and worksheets. Many of them are included in our wikis, but I have provided short summaries for those terms.

Chapter 13-16 Vocab

New Democracy- a term used to represent the transition from Jeffersonian Democracy (where an average voter chooses from the natural aristocrats) to Jacksonian democracy (where leaders originate from the body of the people)

Features: white manhood suffrage, high voter turnouts, elections in which candidates must appeal to the masses, leaders embody the common man

Corrupt Bargain- Election of 1824: did not result in a majority for any candidate in the popular vote, causing the vote to go to the House of Representatives

Clay, who had been eliminated from the running, used his influence in the House to throw the election to Adams in return for being named secretary of state, flouting the popular will

Tariff of 1828/Tariff of Abominations- Jacksonians in the House propose an outrageous tariff in order to hurt the Adams administration and northern support base

Jacksonians expect New England to reject the tariff (due to heightened cost on materials needed for manufacturing), but the North passes the bill to continue protectionism

Southern states are infuriated: must sell in unprotected market but are subjected to higher prices on manufactured goods, tariff reduces volume of purchases with other nations, example of federal encroachment on states’ rights

South Carolina Expedition - South Carolina, under Calhoun, nullifies the tariff and declares it unconstitutional

National Republicans- Adams’ party in election of 1828

Democratic Republicans- Jackson’s party in election of 1828

Revolution of 1828- Jackson wins with support of the South, West, and Eastern laborers

Represents the direct rule of the people and a shift of power from the East to the West

Spoils System (Jackson)- rewards political supporters with public office

Rotation in office- Jackson fills and refills offices with rookies in order to prevent the creation of an aristocratic office-holding class

Discouraged many from entering public service

Eaton Affair- Eaton, a member of Jackson’s cabinet, marries the daughter of a tavern keeper. Other members of the cabinet and their wives snub Ms. Eaton due to herdescent. Jackson takes offense, and turns against Calhoun (a snubber)

Shatters Jackson’s cabinet

Webster/Hayne Debates- New England makes a resolution to curb the sale of public land to halt western expansion

Hayne of South Carolina speaks for the rights of the South

Webster represents New England and argues for the preservation of the Union (which becomes inspiration during the Civil War)

Tariff of 1832- reduced the Tariff of 1828 but not to a point that satisfied the South

Nullification Crisis- nullies of South Carolina win a 2/3 majority in the state legislature, and declare the tariff of 1832 null and void in the state

Jackson prepares military and navy

Tariff of 1833- tariff of Clay’s compromise bill, which would reduce tariffs 10% in the next 8 years

Dissatisfied New England

Force Bill- federal government asserts its authority to collect tariffs by force

Columbia Convention(South Carolina)- repealed the nullification ordinance, but nullified the Force act

Anti-Masonians- political party in election of 1832, suspicious of secret societies and monopoly

Recharter of the National Bank- Clay moves to recharter the National Bank in 1832

Jackson vetoes and declares the bank as unconstitutional

Biddle’s Panic- Biddle (head of national bank) pulls loans from smaller banks after Jackson relocates federal funds to state banks

Demise of the bank in 1836

Panic of 1837- caused by overspeculation on Western land

Specie Circular- Jackson calls for all land to be bought with hard money due to depreciated paper money

No federal bank to prevent collapse of local banks

Worchester v. Georgia- recognized that Cherokees had sovereign rights, nullifying a Georgian law that subjected the Cherokees to its jurisdiction

Not enforced by Jackson

Indian Removal Act 1830- transplanted all tribes east of the Mississippi

Trail of Tears- uprooting of Cherokees to Indian reservation in Oklahoma

Seminole Indians- resist relocation through engaging in guerilla warfare from 1835 to 1842

And also a question for discussion. How were sectionalism and the tension between states' righters and centralizers evident in this period? In other words, where can we see the origins of the Civil War?