REA Review Books 41 must know terms part a. (1607-1860)

The following is information written inside the REA AP Review Book.  The book says these terms should be known for the test.  I understand that a bunch of this stuff is probably already known, but some of it isn't so just scan through if you wish.  Happy Studying. <<<

I. Colonial America 1607-1776
1. Columbian Exchange- exchange of plants and animals between the New World and Europe following America's discovery in 1492.  Corn, tomatoes, and potatoes influenced the European diet and horses, cows, and pigs influenced the New World.
2. Mercantilism- economic philosophy of Great Britain in 17th and 18th century.  GB sought to increase its wealth and power by getting a lot of gold and silver and by establishing favorable balance of trade with its colonies.
3. Half-Way Covenant- established by the Puritans to ease requirements for church membership.  Allowed the baptism of the children of baptized by unconverted Puritans.
4. Enlightenment- 18th century philosophy stressing that reason could be used to improve the human condition. Ex. Thomas Jefferson stressed the idea of natural rights in the Declaration of Independence.
5. Deism- belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature.  Deists include Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.
6. The First Great Awakening- wave of religious revivals that spread across American colonies 1730s-40s.

II. The Articles of Confederation and The Constitution 1776-1789
7. Republican gov't- belief that gov't should be based on the consent of the people.
8.Separation of powers- division of power among the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
9. Checks and Balances- the system which each branch of gov't can check the power of the other branches. (President's veto, Congress override of veto, Supreme Court judicial review)

III. Building the New Nation, 1787-1860
10. Judicial Review- established by Marbury v. Madison and it allows the Supreme Court to strike down an act of Congress by declaring it unconstitutional.
11. Internal Improvements/ American System- The development of the national transportation system.  American System is a set of proposals to unify the nation and strengthen the economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements (canals and roads).  Henry Clay
12. Cult of Domesticity/ Republican Motherhood- idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers.  Republican motherhood suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic.
13. Transcendentalism- philosophical and literary movement of 1800s that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature, imagination, and personal emotion.  Transcendentalist writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
14. Perfectionism- belief that humans can use conscious acts of will to create communities based upon cooperation and mutual respect.  Reflected by Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida.
15. The Second Great Awakening- wave of religious enthusiasm in America 1800-30.  Middle-class women played role by making Americans aware of the moral issues posed by slavery.
16. Jacksonian Democracy- respect for the common sense and abilities of the common man, expansion of White male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government positions, and opposition to privileged Eastern elites.
17. Nullification- legal theory that says a state can nullify any federal law that it deems unconstitutional.  John C. Calhoun South Carolina.
18. Manifest Destiny- 19th century belief that U.S. would expand west to the Pacific Ocean.
19. Popular Sovereignty- principle that settles of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there.  Led to debate over Kansas.