More Vocab?!?

As promised, this is vocabulary form chapters 31 and 32. Chapter 31 has a TON of vocab, and I included as much as I could find, but I'm sure there's more.

Chapter 31

- Progressive movement: the fundamental ideal of a “progressive person” is the idea that the government exists as a vehicle for implementing social and human welfare. The progressive movement holds its roots in the Greenback Labor Party and the Populist Party.

- Henry Demarest Lloyd: author of the Wealth Against the Commonwealth which criticized the monopoly of Standard Oil Company (muckraker)

- Thorstein Veblen: author of The Theory of Leisure Class which criticized the new rich (those who made money from the trusts)

- muckrakers: muckrakers believed that the only way to cure the ill of Americans was to provide more democracy. This entailed bringing all the injustices in society to light for the people (which is what the muckrakers did… they raked muck and threw it in the face of the people)

- Jacob A. Riis: muckraker that wrote How the Other Half Lives, a book about New York slums

- Theodore Dreiser: muckraker that wrote The Financier and The Titan, both of which criticized the trusts and monopolies of the times

- Jane Addams | Lillian Wald: female suffragists (at this point, feminists and women were becoming active in the progressive movement)

- Lincoln Steffens: launched a series of articles entitled “The Shame of the Cities” in which he wrote about the corrupt alliance between big business and government (both on the federal and municipal level)

- Ray Stannard Baker: muckraker who wrote Following the Color Line which was about the overwhelming rates of illiteracy among African Americans

- John Spargo: muckraker who wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children which was about child labor policies (or lack thereof).

- Dr. Harvey W. Wiley: muckraker that exposed the frauds of major pharmaceuticals by testing drugs on himself and finding that none of them actually did anything

- initiative: the ability for voters to propose legislation directly (if you can come up with something you think should be a law and get a bunch of signatures on a petition, you can bring it to a local legislature and propose it as law).

- referendum: a synonym for a plebiscite and a kind of way of hosting direct democracy in which people vote directly on the bills that affect them.

- recall: if the people thing they elected an official that’s not fit for the position, the people can vote to remove said official

- 16th Amendment: calls for a graduated income tax (imposed under Wilson)

- 17th Amendment: provided for the direct election of senators (imposed under Wilson)

- 18th Amendment: began prohibition (was later overturned)

- city-manager system: a progressive reform designed to take politics out of municipal administration (the city manager is supervised by the municipal government but is not a member of it)

- Robert M. La Follette: governor from Wisconsin that wrestled control from the trusts and returned power to the people (leader of the progressive movement on the state level)

- Muller vs. Oregon: (1908) Supreme Court recognizes the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers (the primary reason was that factory labor was harsh on “women’s weaker bones”)

- Lochner vs. New York: invalidated a 10-hour work day for New York bakers

- Woman’s Christian Temperance Union: one of the many progressive unions that sought to break the snare of alcohol on the American people (one of the first prohibitionist organizations)

- Square Deal: Roosevelt’s plan which focused on the three C’s: Controlling corporations, Conservation of wildlife and Consumer safety

- Anthracite coal mine strike: (1902) a strike in the coal mines of Pennsylvania; owners refused to cave and the strikers also refused to cave and eventually Roosevelt threatened to bring in the army and replace the workers (they eventually settled with a 10% increase in wages and a 9-hour work day), but the union was not officially recognized as a bargaining agency

- Department of Commerce and Labor: a department that was allowed to investigate businesses that participated in inter-state commerce (basically, every trust), and it was primarily used for trust busting

- Elkins Act: an addition to the ineffective Interstate Commerce Commission, which heavily fined railroads that offered rebates to shippers

- Hepburn Act: restricted free passes of railroads as a means to reduce competition

- Meat Inspection Act: (1906) decreed that any meat shipped across state lines was subject to federal investigation for health purposes

- Upton Sinclair: author of The Jungle which aroused American knowledge of the horrors of the meat industry (namely the lack of regulations and the fact that no one checked the food before it was shipped)

- Pure Food and Drug Act: tried to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals (based on Dr. Wiley’s work)

- Forest Reserve Act of 1891: authorized the president to set aside land to be preserved as national territory (which later became state parks) - this was an extension of the ineffective precursor to this law: the Desert Land Act of 1871

- Aldrich-Vreeland Act: a response to the Panic of 1907, this act allowed national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral

- Dollar Diplomacy: Taft’s foreign policy in which he encouraged American businesses to invest heavily in foreign markets that could potentially have a negative effect on the American economy if they crashed or became monopolized by enemy nations.

- Payne-Aldrich Bill: Taft had promised to greatly reduce the tariff, and the PA Bill was sort of a middle ground between those who wanted to reduce it greatly and those who wanted it to stay the same. In the end, it satisfied no one and split the Republican party between progressives and conservatives

Chapter 32

- New Freedom: Woodrow Wilson’s platform (differed from Roosevelts in two main aspects). Wilson endorced dismantling ALL trusts, not just the “bad” ones, and he also waved off social reform as unimportant | this New Freedom would be responsible for making many new progressive reforms

- Panic of 1907: another Panic (you’ve seen these before… they occur on a 20-year cycle). Wilson thought that the main cause of the Panic of 1907 was the triple wall of privilege (look below)

- The “triple wall of privilege”: Wilson thought that the only way to save America would be to break the “triple wall of privilege” which was composed of the trusts, the banks and the tariff.

- Underwood Tariff: The first break in the triple wall: this tariff substantially reduced income fees and introduced a graduated income tax

- Federal Reserve Acts: The second break at the triple wall: this act replaced the National Bank Act of the Civil War  and created 12 national districts, each of which would have a central bank (and these banks had the power to print paper currency).

- Federal Trade Commission Act: The third break at the triple wall: this act created a federally appointed position to a person to investigated activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices (like unlawful competition, false advertising and mislabeling).

- Clayton Anti-Trust Act: lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (which had been used in a perverse way to prevent unions from operating) and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by union members

- Federal Farm Loan of 1916: made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest (which helped dismantle the sharecropping-like system of perpetual debt that creditors held farmers in in the Gilded Age).

- Adamson Act: established an 8-hour work day and overtime pay

- Jones Act: granted full territorial status to the Philippines and promised to offer independence to the Philippines as soon as the Filipinos could assemble a stable central government (which eventually did happen in 1946)