Chapter 29
- “yellow press”: a journalistic body that was sensationalist and portrayed things in a way that was meant to excited people, not necessarily convey the truth of the matter. The yellow press played a crucial role in forming popular opinion in foreign affairs
- Josiah Strong: wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis which claimed that the US was meant to become a superpower
- social darwinism: a mentality central to foreign policy for Americans and Europeans which was that it was the “white man’s burden” to bring democracy and civilization to those who needed it in unsettled countries. Social darwinism inspired American exceptionalism
- Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan: wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 which made the claim that every successful nation had a great navy
- James G. Blaine: creator of the “Big Sister” policy, which claimed that the US was responsible for taking care of South America
- McKinley Tariff: raised the tariff on sugar; this inspired Americans to want to annex Hawaii to absolve the tariff (if they had Hawaii, a huge source of sugar at the time, they wouldn’t have to pay a tax)
- General Weyler: A Spanish general that sailed to Cuba to crush an insurrection but just ended up putting many Cubans in concentration camps (and riled up public opinion against the Spanish)
- Frederick Remington: a yellow press journalist who drew pictures of fictitious events that were published (and ended up shifting public opinion in an even greater opposition of the Spanish)
- Maine: an American ship that was sailing in the Havana Harbor and mysteriously exploded (it was likely because of faulty wiring, but yellow press journalists convinced the American people that it was the Spanish attacking their ships)
- Mark Hanna: sympathizer of McKinley’s efforts to contain war and prevent it at all costs - he was a banker on Wallstreet that knew that war would upset business
- Teller Amendment: guaranteed independence to Cuba (Congress promised that they would help protect Cuba and then set it free, essentially)
- Emilio Aguianldo: Filipino insurgent that led a revolutionary force against Spanish rule that became active when Dewey arrived; together they overthrew local Spanish rulers
- Rough Riders: a regiment of volunteers that fought in Cuba against the Spanish - they were led by Roosevelt and were crucial to the American victory
- Anti-Imperialist League: firmly against the new imperialist era the the US was squeezing into (their problem was with imperialism, but the fact that the Philippines had ~7 million people living in it made everything far more complicated, and the anti-imperialists thought the US was overextending its boundaries).
- Rudyard Kipling: in favor of taking in the Philippines, claimed that it was the “white man’s burden” to civilize the Filipinos
- Insular Cases: these cases claimed that the Constitution didn’t automatically extend to newly acquired territories which meant that Congress could basically do whatever it wanted in its new territories
- Platt Amendment: the Platt Amendment was passed in 1902, when, bound by the Teller Amendment, the US promised to leave Cuba. The Platt Amendment claimed that the US could intervene whenever it wanted to in order to restore government in the case of anarchy and appropriated a naval base in Cuba to the US.
- Spanish-American War: Starts in Cuba and Puerto Rico → culminates in the Philippines → this is the first international war America has fought since the War of 1812 → a result of this war is that people respect the Monroe Doctrine and actually think of the US as a powerful nation
Chapter 30
- Philippine Commission: a way for President McKinley to “deal with” the Filipinos; this included the US trying to assimilate the Filipinos into American culture, but that eventually failed. Tension grew until the Philippines obtained independence in 1946
- Open Door Note: a note drafted by Secretary of State Hay that asked the Great Powers of Europe to keep fair competition among all nations that intended to carve up China after it was defeated by the Japanese (most of them accepted with additional provisions, except Russia, who flat out rejected)
- “Boxers”: Chinese rebels that revolted and took over the capital of China (Beijing), taking all foreigners hostage → a multinational force had to break the rebellion, and the Great Powers made China pay $333 million for damages
- New Nationalism: Roosevelt’s policy which was based primarily on destroying the “bad” trusts and enacting social welfare
- Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: (1850) a treaty between the US and Britain that forbade either country from constructing canals that tunneled through South American countries
- Hay Pauncefote Treaty: (1901) a treaty that nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and set the stage for the Panama canal kerfuffle
- Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: an uprising against the Colombians in the Panama area was (kind of) supported by the US (not actively, though) and resulted in a new nation, Panama, being established. The US struck up the HBV Treaty with the new president of Panama that allotted a 6 x 10 mi plot of land to the US that it could build a canal through.
- Panama Canal: a canal that the US used the shuttle war ships between Cuba and the Philippines in order to not have to go around the tip of South America
- Roosevelt Corollary: as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, the US issues the Roosevelt Corollary which helped protect the Latin American nations from the Europeans. Basically the US said that the US and only the US would be responsible for paying off debts of Latin American countries to European countries (essentially, only the US could bully Latin America, and not Europe).
- “Bad Neighbor” policy: the corollary falls into this trend. The bad neighbor policy is basically the US being unnecessarily overbearing towards the Latin American nations for no real reason. The Latin American nations were starting to get annoyed, to say the least.
- Root-Takahira Agreement: an agreement between the US and Japan following the Russo-Japanese War of 1905; both sides would respect each others’ territories in the Pacific ocean and both would be responsible for upholding the Open Door policy in China.
You are awesome
ReplyDelete